| Such foreigners were invited to Japan by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and by various regional domains; beginning in the Meiji period, they were invited by the new Meiji government, prefectural offices, or by the private sector. |
江戸幕府や各藩、明治以降は新政府や各府県、または民間によって招聘された。 |