| However, every domain's financial difficulty got worse and worse and some domains started to repudiate their debt by dismissing their kuramoto or kakeya or abandoning their bonds, which made merchants bankrupt. |
だが、どの藩も財政難は深刻化する一方であり、藩側による蔵元・掛屋の解任や証文の破棄などによる一方的な債務破棄（踏み倒し）やこれに伴う商人の破産が起きた。 |